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Clara Barton was a pioneering humanitarian who worked as a nurse during the American Civil War and helped to set up the American chapter of the Red Cross. Although she concentrated on humanitarian action rather than politics, she was a supporter of civil rights and female suffrage. Even well into her 80s, Barton remained active in giving practical help to those in distress, whatever their nationality or background. She also founded the American First Aid society. Clara Barton was born on 25 December 1821 in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Poster You don’t stop sailing when you get old. Her parents were members of the Unitarian Church had held relatively progressive, liberal views. Clara was taught at a local school and proved an excellent student, though she was personally very shy and struggled with social interaction. When she was ten years old, her brother suffered a nasty head injury after falling from a barn roof. Clara took great interest in nursing her brother and became responsible for looking after his medical treatment. Her brother made a full recovery, even though doctors had doubted he would. Throughout her childhood, she remained quite shy and found that offering assistance to her helping her extended family to be the most effective way of giving her a sense of satisfaction.
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Despite her difficulties in social interaction, her parents encouraged her to become a teacher as they felt this would help her gain more confidence. In 1838, at the age of 17, Clara gained her teaching certificate and found that the job of teaching was very rewarding. Inspired by her job, she campaigned to enable education for the children of poor workers. She also demanded equal pay for female teachers at a time of pay disparity. Barton taught at various schools in Canada and West Georgia for 12 years and she gained a good reputation for her professionalism and ability to mould young children. In 1852, she helped to found a ‘free school’ in Bordentown, the first of its kind in New Jersey. The local city raised money to finance the school, but after a short time, Barton was replaced as principal as the local school governors felt the head teacher should be a man. Her demotion and working in a difficult environment left her physically and emotionally drained and she quit the school to move to Washington D.C.
In 1864, she was appointed the “Lady in Charge” of the hospitals at the front of the Army of the James. Working so close to the front lines was not without risk. On one occasion a stray bullet narrowly missed her body — going through her sleeve and killing a soldier she was tending to. A life-long opponent of slavery, during the civil war, she also joined Frances Gage in helping to prepare slaves for their lives in freedom After the civil war, she became aware of how many relatives were seeking information about their sons who were missing in action, but without any formal notification of their fate. With the permission of President Lincoln, she began the Office of Missing Soldiers, which worked from Washington D.C. to try and identify and bury unidentified soldiers. For the next four years, her team answered over 63,000 letters and helped to bury 20,000 more union soldiers. Poster You don’t stop sailing when you get old.
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Despite her advancing age, Barton did not slow down but was personally involved in relief attempts — even in challenging conditions. She also continued to travel, working in Turkey and Cuba — even into her early 80s. In 1884, Barton and the American Red Cross proposed an amendment to the Geneva Treaty, which called for an expansion of Red Cross relief to victims of natural disasters. (and not just war) This was accepted. In 1904, at the age of 83, she was forced to resign as President. A new generation of Red Cross officials wished to promote a more scientific approach, based on the ideas of the Progressive Age. Barton was also criticised for her leadership style, which made her unwilling listen to advice. Her critics felt she was stuck in an old fashioned humanitarian idealism. After resigning as President, she spent five years as honourary president of the National First Aid Society of America. The society encouraged the ownership of first aid kits and basic levels of understanding how to administer first aid. After her death, the promotion of first aid became widely accepted as a social necessity.
